The four topics tested every year.
These are the deep-dive pages. Every priority topic has a full breakdown, worked example problems, an enzyme/process table, and a topic-tagged flashcard strip you can drill alone.
Water Potential
Ψ = Ψp + Ψs · the formula on every released exam.
Why it matters · Calculation FRQ favorite. Students lose points on units, sign convention, and Kelvin conversion.
High-yieldCellular Respiration
Glycolysis → Krebs → ETC → chemiosmosis. Locations, inputs, outputs, ATP yields.
Why it matters · Long-FRQ recurring theme. Tested on every released exam since 2013.
High-yieldMeiosis & Genetic Variation
Reductional vs. equational division, crossing over, nondisjunction, vs. mitosis.
Why it matters · Compare/contrast FRQ favorite. Confusion of chromatid vs. chromosome is a top pitfall.
High-yieldDNA & RNA Replication
Semi-conservative replication, transcription, translation, key enzymes.
Why it matters · Enzyme tables and "trace the molecule" questions appear annually.