AP Bio
AP Biology · Final-Exam Prep

Cram smart for the AP Bio exam.

Every CED unit, the most-tested concepts, worked example questions, and 184+ flashcards you can flip. Built for the night before, the week before, and every day in between.

Start with the priority topics Exam format Open flashcard deck

The four priority deep dives

These topics show up on every released exam. Drill them until they're reflexive.

High-yield

Water Potential

Ψ = Ψp + Ψs · the formula on every released exam.

Why it matters · Calculation FRQ favorite. Students lose points on units, sign convention, and Kelvin conversion.

 High-yield

Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis → Krebs → ETC → chemiosmosis. Locations, inputs, outputs, ATP yields.

Why it matters · Long-FRQ recurring theme. Tested on every released exam since 2013.

 High-yield

Meiosis & Genetic Variation

Reductional vs. equational division, crossing over, nondisjunction, vs. mitosis.

Why it matters · Compare/contrast FRQ favorite. Confusion of chromatid vs. chromosome is a top pitfall.

 High-yield

DNA & RNA Replication

Semi-conservative replication, transcription, translation, key enzymes.

Why it matters · Enzyme tables and "trace the molecule" questions appear annually.

Eight CED units, by exam weight

Higher bar = bigger share of MCQs. Spend your time accordingly.

1 Chemistry of Life Water properties, macromolecules, monomers/polymers, directionality.
Energetics · Systems 8–11% 2 Cell Structure and Function Organelles, membrane transport, tonicity, endosymbiotic theory.
Energetics · Systems 10–13% 3 Cellular Energetics Enzymes, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, fermentation, ΔG.
Energetics 12–16% 4 Cell Communication & Cell Cycle Signal transduction, feedback, cell cycle, checkpoints, cancer.
Information · Systems 10–15% 5 Heredity Meiosis, Mendelian genetics, linkage, pedigrees, chi-square.
Information 8–11% 6 Gene Expression & Regulation Replication, transcription, translation, mutations, operons, biotech.
Information 12–16% 7 Natural Selection Highest-weight unit. Evolution mechanisms, Hardy-Weinberg, speciation.
Evolution 13–20% 8 Ecology Population & community ecology, energy flow, biogeochem cycles.
Systems 10–15%

Free-response strategy

Decode the verbs (DESCRIBE vs. EXPLAIN vs. JUSTIFY) so you write what graders look for — not what you wish they did.

Open FRQ guide →

Exam-day playbook

Time budgets, calculator setup, the formula sheet, and the pitfalls students lose points on every year.

Read the playbook →